Coated fiber strands having one or more heterogeneous regions and methods of making the same

ABSTRACT

A coated fiber strand includes one or more coating layers located directly or indirectly on the strand and at least one heterogeneous region present in or on one or more of the coating layer(s). The heterogeneous region(s) preferably comprises a material useful for coding of the fiber. One particularly preferred embodiment relates to an optical fiber having a primary coating layer and a secondary coating layer where the heterogeneous region(s) defines one or more colored stripes in or on the secondary coating layer. A method for forming a coated fiber, such as an optical fiber, includes introducing at least one coating layer onto a fiber strand such that one or more coating layers directly or indirectly cover at least a portion of the surface of the strand. The method further includes introducing at least one heterogeneous region into or onto a coating layer(s). The fiber can then be treated, e.g., cured so as to provide a desired product. By this method, a desired functionality, e.g., coding, can be introduced onto a fiber without adversely effecting subsequent processing steps, e.g., curing of the coating layer(s).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coated fiber strands can be used in making a variety of products. For example, optical fibers typically comprise a fiber optic strand having one or more resin coating layers which protect the fiber from environmental conditions such as dust and moisture that can adversely effect its properties.

Examples of multiple coating layers for optical fibers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,480,898; 4,474,830; 4,851,165; and 5,146,531 each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

These coating layers often include a first, or primary, coating layer directly applied to the glass fiber, which acts as a “buffer” to cushion and protect the fiber, and a secondary coating layer. The secondary coating layer typically functions as a protective outer layer preventing damage to the fiber during processing and use.

Because optical fiber coatings are typically clear, the resulting optical fiber is not colored. However, it is known to provide a colored coating and therefore a colored optical fiber. In this regard, a desired color is mixed into the prepolymer containing composition that forms the desired coating. This colored coating is then introduced as a substitute for the secondary coating or as an additional tertiary coating onto the fiber.

While this technique has allowed for the “coloring” of fibers, it has introduced its own set of difficulties. For example, in processes which seek to cure both the primary and secondary coatings in a single curing step, the use of a colored secondary coating can adversely effect the cure of the inner or primary coatings and thus, lead to poor mechanical performance of the fiber.

Moreover, from a practical standpoint, insofar as a manufacturer must maintain a separate inventory for each of the colored coatings, inventory management is more complicated. For example, at least twelve different colors are employed in the field of telephony. Accordingly, to provide color fibers for use in such environments, manufacturers would be required to maintain a separate inventory for each of the desired colored secondary coatings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that one or more heterogeneous regions, e.g., coding stripes, can be introduced into or onto a coating layer on a fiber strand so as to provide for a desired functionality, e.g., coding of the fiber. Moreover, the region(s) can be introduced without adversely effecting subsequent processing steps used in making the fibers, e.g., curing of the coating layer(s).

One aspect of the present invention relates to a coated fiber which includes a fiber strand, at least one coating layer which is directly or indirectly on the strand, and at least on e heterogeneous region present in or on one or more of the coating layer(s). A preferred embodiment of the invention involves the use of a primary coating layer and a secondary coating layer where the heterogeneous region(s) are in the secondary coating layer.

While the heterogeneous region(s) preferably comprise a colored material useful in color coding of the fiber, the region can be used to provide a number of desired functionalities to the resulting fiber.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for forming a coated fiber which includes introducing at least one coating layer onto a fiber strand such that the coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the surface of the strand and introducing at least one heterogeneous region into or on one or more of the coating layer(s). The coated fiber can then be treated, e.g., cured so as to provide a desired product.

Once again, it is preferred that the method involves introducing a primary coating layer and a secondary coating layer onto a strand. The region(s) are preferably introduced simultaneously with or subsequent to the secondary coating layer prior to curing of the coating layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-5 illustrate coated fiber strands according to the present invention with FIGS 1 a, 1 b, 2, 3 a, 3 b, 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, and 5 providing cross-sectional views of coated fibers having one or more heterogeneous regions;

FIGS. 6-9 illustrate suitable techniques for the simultaneous introduction of heterogeneous regions together with one or more coating layers onto a fiber strand.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a fiber arrangement suitable for use in connection with optical fibers. The fiber arrangement according to the invention includes at least one heterogeneous region that is present in or on a coating layer which itself is directly or indirectly located on the surface of a fiber strand.

By “heterogeneous region” it is meant that the region comprises a composition which differs from the composition of the surrounding or adjacent coating layer(s). This heterogeneous region comprises a material that provides a desired functionality to the region. In fact, the heterogeneous region can be devoid of material, e.g., define a “hole” within a coating layer or between coating layers.

While one or more heterogeneous regions can extend around at least a portion of the periphery of the fiber strand, it is preferred that, particularly in connection with UV curing, the heterogeneous region(s) do not extend continuously around the circumference of the fiber. However, often curing techniques, e.g., electron beam, may allow for a more fully “covered” surface.

It is further preferred that the heterogeneous regions extend longitudinally along the length of the strand defining, one or more heterogeneous “stripes” along at least a portion of the fiber strand. However, it is within the context of this invention that the regions can also be discontinuous along the length of the strand, defining, for example, a series of, e.g., “dots” and/or “dashes” along the length of the fiber strand.

The fibers according to the invention include fiber strands that are recognized in the art, preferably a fiber strand suitable for forming an optical fiber, one or more coating layers on the fiber strand and one or more heterogeneous regions.

The fiber strands can be produced for a variety of materials, including glass, polymers including plastics and the like. Moreover, coating materials suitable for use in the invention are dependent on the desired use for the coated fiber. For example, in the field of optical fibers, suitable primary and secondary coating material are well recognized in the field and include a variety of epoxy, urethane and acrylate-based resins.

Specific techniques for introducing a primary and secondary coating layer onto an optical fiber strand are also known. See, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,147,433 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other examples of and techniques relating to multiple coating of optical fibers are discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,480,898; 4,474,830; 4,851,165; and 5,146,531. These patents also illustrate suitable materials for both the primary and secondary coating layers. Accordingly, the general process of forming coated fibers suitable for use as optical fibers will not be described in detail here.

As discussed above, the present invention also includes one or more heterogeneous regions associated with a coating layer. FIGS. 1-5 illustrate examples of suitable arrangements. As can be seen from FIG. 1a, the heterogeneous region(s) can be located entirely within a coating layer while FIG. 1b illustrates the presence of a region on the outside of a coating layer. In addition, FIGS. 2, 3 a-3 b, 4 a-4 c, and 5 illustrate the use of multiple regions in connection with the fiber optic strand. In each case, a fiber strand 1 coated with a primary coating 2 and secondary coating 3 including one or more regions 4.

While these drawing figures illustrate the use of fibers having a two coating arrangement of primary and secondary coating layers, the present invention is not limited to such an arrangement.

Moreover, where more than one region is employed, the regions can be either radially spaced within a coating layer from the glass fiber and/or circumferentially spaced around the periphery of the coated fiber. The approximate number and location of regions is dependent upon the nature of the ultimate end-use of the fiber. In the field of coated optical fibers, the use of one to four regions is preferred.

While this specification will focus on the preferred use of one or more color-containing heterogeneous regions for coding of optical fibers, the region(s) can be used to provide a variety of different functions. For example, the region can comprise a conductive material to provide a conductive area within the fiber arrangement. In another embodiment, the stripe can comprise a material that would allow for bar coding of the strand. The region can also be used, e.g., to modify the properties of the fiber. For example, the region can comprise a material having a property, e.g., refractive index, which differs from the coating(s) on the strand. In fact, the region can be void of any material, e.g., comprise a “hole” in the coating layer.

Alternatively, the stripe can comprise a material that differs significantly from the coating layers. Examples of such materials include strength enhancing members and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) measuring elements such can provide a record of fiber twist, among others.

Yet another use for the region would be as a sensor element, such as a curing sensor for the fiber. For example, the region can comprise a material capable of changing color during a subsequent processing step, e.g., UV curing. Such a material would be used as a sensor to determine when the coating layer(s) were subjected to a UV radiation level suitable for curing by way of a color change in the region.

As discussed above, in the field of optical fibers, the region preferably comprises a colored material that would allow for coding of the fiber. To this end, the optical fibers according to the present invention preferably include one or more longitudinally extending heterogeneous regions so as to provide “stripes” on the fiber. The stripes can be of the same or different functionalities depending upon their intended purpose(s). Where coloring coding is the function, the stripes can be, for example, of the same or different colors.

The composition of the heterogeneous region-forming material can vary greatly depending on its function. In this regard, where the region is a colored stripe, the material can be any material suitable to add color to a coating layer of an optical fiber without adversely affecting the properties of the coating layer(s).

While not limited thereto, it is preferred that the stripe(s) be produced from a material that is compatible with the coating(s) on the fiber strand. For example, the use of the UV curable materials as a secondary coating layer is well recognized in the field of forming optical fibers. Where UV curable formulations, e.g., UV curable prepolymers, are employed in forming a secondary coating layer, it is preferred that the stripe-forming composition also includes the same base prepolymer as the secondary coating layer.

Where color stripes are desired, the stripe-forming compositions include one or more pigments or dyes. Such pigments and dyes can be premixed into the stripe forming composition. Suitable pigmented coating compositions for optical fibers are commercially available from Borden and DSM Desotech, Inc.

A desired color scheme for the fiber can also be provided through the use of photo bleaching. In this regard, a coating material comprises a material which allows for photo bleachability, i.e., a change in the absorption properties of the material such that it absorbs at a different wave length subsequent to opposition to radiation, e.g. visible light.

Yet another technique for providing a variety of colors to the fiber involves the use of one or more color stripes selectively arranged to alter the perceived color of the stripe and/or the fiber strand. As illustrated in FIG. 5, combining a red stripe 4 r and a yellow stripe 4 y together onto a fiber is capable of providing a perceived orange stripe. In this regard, approximately twelve colors can be provided by various combinations of five colors, e.g., white, black, blue, red, and yellow.

COLOR DESIRED STRIPES NEEDED Red Red Only Blue Blue Only Yellow Yellow Only Violet Red and Blue Brown Red and yellow and Green Orange Red and Yellow Green Blue and Yellow Black Blue and Green and Red White White Aqua White and Blue or Blue and Green Slate or Grey Black and White Rose White and Red

In forming color stripe(s), color brighteners may be added to enhance the brilliance or hue of the colors in addition to the desired pigments. Suitable examples of such materials include stilbenes, phenanthrenes and the like. Such materials include optical brighteners that function by the mechanism of absorbing UV light and fluorescing or phosphorescing at longer wavelengths near or in the visible spectrum.

Another aspect of the invention involves methods for producing coated fiber strands and, in particular, an optical fiber including one or more heterogeneous regions. The method for making the fibers preferably involves introducing one or more heterogeneous region(s) within or on a coating layer which itself is directly or indirectly on the surface of the fiber strand.

As discussed above, techniques for producing optical fibers and, in particular, optical fibers including one or more coating layers are known in the art. The present invention can be employed with such processes. For example, this invention can be effectively employed with any recognized curing technique including ultra-violet (UV) and electron beam (EB) curing of the coating layer(s).

FIGS. 6-9 illustrate examples of preferred techniques for introducing the heterogeneous region into the coated fiber strand. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth in the drawing figure; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

In FIG. 6, a glass fiber drawn in the direction generally indicated by reference numeral 10 is coated with both a primary coating layer application 12 and a secondary coating layer application 13. In addition, a suitable heterogeneous region-forming material, e.g., a UV color coating liquid, is introduced at one or more positions 14. Alternatively, air can be introduced into the coating layer at 14 to define a “hole” in the coating layer.

In this regard, most polymeric materials, e.g., UV curable prepolymer mixtures, do not typically mix during use, thus, the one or more heterogeneous region-forming compositions will flow onto the fiber strand to provide the desired stripe(s).

An example of a suitable arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, the fiber is drawn in the direction 10 with primary coating feed 12 and secondary coating feed 13 being introduced onto the strand. One or more of these heterogeneous region-forming material streams 14 are introduced with the secondary coating layer.

Once again, where insofar as the primary layer, secondary layer and stripe-forming material is selected such that the primary and secondary coating layers do not mix, the desired stripes are formed on the fiber.

Subsequent to stripe introduction the fiber is passed into a curing step (not shown) where the coating layers are subjected, for example, to UV or EB radiation so as to cure the coating layers.

Suitable apparatus elements for use in the present invention are recognized in the art. For example, any art recognized die can be effectively employed in the invention and as such are not described in detail here. However, for the sake of completeness, specific examples of suitable die include dual compact die and dual fixed die.

The amount of heterogeneous region-forming material can be controlled through a variety of techniques including pressure reduction, and apparatus such as metering valves.

A specific example of a suitable process for introducing stripes is illustrated by the pressure feed configuration in FIG. 8, the pressure of both the reservoir for the secondary coating and the reservoir for the stripe-forming material is applied from a single gas source 20. Where pressure is maintained equal between the reservoir, the relative flow of the stripe-forming material is controlled by adjusting the ratio of resistance to flow between the feed lines of the secondary coating and the feed lines of the stripe-forming material: $\frac{{Flow}\quad {Amount}\quad {of}\quad {Stripe}\quad {Material}}{{Flow}\quad {Amount}\quad {of}\quad {Secondary}\quad {Coating}} \propto \frac{Rs}{Rcc}$

where Rs is the resistance to flow in the feedline for the secondary coating and Rcc is the resistance in the feedline for the stripe forming material.

In addition, the location of the stripe relative to the coating layer can be adjusted depending upon the relationship of the strip material feed line to that of the secondary coating feedline. For example, in FIG. 8, if the striping material is introduced at point A, the stripe will be completely encapsulated within the secondary coating material.

While the present invention has been discussed in connection with formation of a preferred stripe which extends longitudinally along the length of the optical fiber, additional modifications and optimizations can be employed.

For example, one or more pulse stripes can be introduced circumferentially around the fiber to produce random “lumps” of stripe-forming material on the fiber. Such a technique can be produced by the arrangement schematically illustrated be FIG. 9 where the pulses can be generated, for example, by a pulse pressure delivery system.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. 

That which is claimed:
 1. A coated fiber strand comprising: (a) a fiber strand; (b) a primary coating layer on the fiber strand such that the primary coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the fiber strand; and (c) at least one heterogeneous region which is enclosed within the primary coating layer.
 2. A coated fiber strand according to claim 1 wherein the at least one heterogeneous region extends longitudinally along at least a portion of the fiber strand.
 3. The coated fiber strand according to claim 1 wherein a plurality of heterogeneous regions are present.
 4. The coated fiber strand according to claim 3 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are radially spaced from the longitudinal axis of the fiber strand.
 5. The coated fiber strand according to claim 3 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are circumferentially spaced about the surface of the fiber strand.
 6. The coated fiber strand according to claim 3 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions is colored.
 7. The coated fiber strand according to claim 6 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions have a different color.
 8. A coated fiber strand comprising: (a) a fiber strand; (b) at least one coating layer on the fiber strand such that the coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the strand; and (c) a plurality of heterogeneous regions which are present within or on a coating layer wherein at least two of the plurality of heterogeneous regions having different colors are arranged so as to be perceived by the naked eye as a desired color which differs from the color of any of the regions.
 9. A coated fiber strand according to claim 8 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions extend longitudinally along at last a portion of the fiber strand.
 10. The coated fiber strand according to claim 8 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are radially spaced from the longitudinal axis of the fiber strand.
 11. The coated fiber strand according to claim 9 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are circumferentially spaced about the surface of the fiber strand.
 12. The coated fiber strand according to claim 9 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions is colored.
 13. The coated fiber strand according to claim 12 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions have a different color.
 14. A coated fiber strand comprising: (a) a fiber strand; (b) at least one coating layer on the fiber strand such that the coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the strand; and (c) at least one electrically conductive heterogeneous region which is present within or on a coating layer.
 15. A coated fiber strand according to claim 14 wherein the at least one heterogeneous region extends longitudinally along at least a portion of the fiber strand.
 16. The coated fiber strand according to claim 14 wherein a plurality of heterogeneous regions are present.
 17. The coated fiber strand according to claim 16 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are radially spaced from the longitudinal axis of the fiber strand.
 18. The coated fiber strand according to claim 16 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are circumferentially spaced about the surface of the fiber strand.
 19. The coated fiber stand according to claim 16 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions is colored.
 20. The coated fiber strand according to claim 19 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions have a different color.
 21. A coated fiber strand comprising: (a) a fiber strand; (b) at least one coating layer on the fiber strand such that the coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the strand; and (c) at least one longitudinally extending, heterogeneous region which is present within or on a coating layer and which heterogeneous region is selected to provide a desired refractive index.
 22. A coated fiber strand according to claim 21 wherein the at least one heterogeneous region extends longitudinally along at least a portion of the fiber strand.
 23. The coated fiber strand according to claim 21 wherein a plurality of heterogeneous regions are present.
 24. The coated fiber strand according to claim 23 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are radially spaced from the longitudinal axis of the fiber strand.
 25. The coated fiber strand according to claim 23 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are circumferentially spaced about the surface of the fiber strand.
 26. The coated fiber strand according to claim 23 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions is colored.
 27. The coated fiber strand according to claim 26 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions have a different color.
 28. A coated fiber strand comprising: (a) a fiber strand; (b) at least one coating layer on the fiber strand such that the coating layer directly or indirectly covers at least a portion of the strand; and (c) at least one longitudinally extending, heterogeneous region which is present within or on a coating layer and which is comprised of a material which increases the strength of the fiber strand.
 29. A coated fiber strand according to claim 28 wherein the at least one heterogeneous region extends longitudinally along at least a portion of the fiber strand.
 30. The coated fiber strand according to claim 28 wherein a plurality of heterogeneous regions are present.
 31. The coated fiber strand according to claim 30 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are radially spaced from the longitudinal axis of the fiber strand.
 32. The coated fiber strand according to claim 30 wherein the plurality of heterogeneous regions are circumferentially spaced about the surface of the fiber strand.
 33. The coated fiber strand according to claim 30 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions is colored.
 34. The coated fiber strand according to claim 33 wherein each of the heterogeneous regions have a different color. 